An..influential..modernist..immigrant..architect..was..Ludwig..Mies..van..der..Rohe..(18861969)..and..Walter..Gropius..(18831969),..both..former..directors..of..Germany's..famous..design..school,..the..BauhausRichardson….designed….the….William….Watts….Sherman….House….(18741875)….in….Newport,….Rhode….Island,….and….the….Mary….Fiske….Stoughton….House….(18821883)….in….Cambridge,….Massachusetts,….and….Charles….Follen….McKim….the….Newport….Casino….(18791881)….using….shingle….clad….asymmetrical….facadesThomas….Jefferson,….who….was….the….third….president….of….the….United….States….between….1801….and….1809,….was….a….scholar….in….many….domains,….including….architectureBased….on….principles….of….medieval….Gothic….architecture….(1150-1375),….the….first….recorded….Gothic….style….building….in….America….-….a….mansion….called….Sedgeley….-….was….built….in….1798….by….the….Neoclassical….architect….Benjamin….Latrobe….on….the….outskirts….of….PhiladelphiaAlthough…the…competition…selected…a…gothic…design…influenced…by…the…Woolworth…building,…some…of…the…numerous…competing…entries…became…influential…to…other…20th-century…architectural…stylesThe..most..prized..architectural..aspect..of..the..house..was..the..chimneyDuring..these..years,..the..European..avant-garde..movements..used..technological..innovations..and..the..new..opportunities..offered..by..new..building..materials..in..the..search..for..suitable..forms..to..express..the..spirit..of..the..times;..in..the..United..States,..however,..the..use..of..historical..styles..was..still..much..in..vogueCertain…openings…were…ellipsoidal…in…form,…one…or…several…pieces…were…oval…or…circularMichael….Graves….(b.1934)….-….one….of….the….famous…."New….York….Five",….along….with….Peter….Eisenman….(b.1932),….Charles….Gwathmey….(1938-2009),….John….Hejduk….(1929-2000)….and….Richard….Meier….(b.1934)….-….designed….the….Portland….Public….Service….Building….in….Oregon….(1980-82),….and….Humana….Tower,….Louisville,….Kentucky….(1986),….both….of….which….combine….the….mass….of….a….regular….skyscraper….with….historical….motifsRudolf…MThe..first..'skyscrapers'..were..designed..by..traditionalist..architects,..and..offered..a..huge..challenge..to..regular..methods..of..masonry..constructionFrom….the….1840s….on,….the….Gothic….Revival….style….became….popular….in….the….United….States,….under….the….influence….of….Andrew….Jackson….Downing….(18151852)The…Lincoln…Memorial…(19151922),…made…out…of…marble…and…white…limestone,…takes…its…form…from…doric…order…Greek…temples…without…a…pedimentNotable…were…the…works…of…Frederick…Law…Olmsted,…an…already-prominent…and…prolific…landscape…architect…who…had…designed…the…Midway…Plaisance…of…the…1893…Exhibition,…having…previously…designed…New…York's…Central…Park…in…the…1850s,…the…layout…of…the…National…Zoo…in…Washington,…D.C.,…and…many…other…works…nationwideSpanish…exploration…of…the…North…American…deserts,…the…present…day…Southwestern…United…States,…began…in…the…1540sThe….Woolworth….Building….blocked….a….significant….amount….of….sunlight….to….the….neighborhoodGothic…Revival…across…functions…Residential:…"Lyndhurst",…by…Alexander…Jackson…Davis…in…Tarrytown,…New…York,…18381865(email:…howejbc.edu)During..the..1850s,..the..building..was..greatly..expanded..by..Thomas..UMoreover,..in..schools..of..architecture..it..was..the..only..acceptable..design..platform..until..the..early..1980sThis…interest…in…Roman…elements…appealed…in…a…political…climate…that…looked…to…the…ancient…Roman…Republic…as…a…modelAll…rights…reservedRichard…Morris…Hunt…constructed…John…NGehry..(b.1929),..who..performed..the..first..experiments..in..deconstructivist..designwork..in..California..at..the..end..of..the..1970sPei's….other….American….projects….include….the….Mesa….Laboratory….of….the….National….Center….for….Atmospheric….Research,….Boulder….(1961-67);….the….East….Wing….of….the….National….Gallery….of….Art,….Washington….DC….(1968-78);….the….John….FThe…leading…classical…followers…of…Latrobe…included…William…Strickland…(1788-1854),…Robert…Mills…(1781-1855),…Ithiel…Town…(1784-1844),…Thomas…Walter…(1804-87)…and…Alexander…Jackson…Davis…(1803-92)The…aspirations…of…the…movement…can…be…seen…in…the…McMillan…Plan…for…Washington,…D.COn..the..west..coast..in..California,..domestic..architecture..evolved..equally..towards..a..more..modern..styleIt…was…an…austere…building…modelled…on…a…Greek…Ionic…temple…with…porticoes…around…a…central…domed…spaceSimilar…to…the…Piazza…d'Italia,…New…Orleans…(1975-80),…and…Alumni…Center,…University…of…California…at…Irvine…(1983-85),…designed…by…Charles…Moore,…these…confident,…upbeat…structures…are…designed…to…reassure…the…public…that…their…cultural…identity…is…no…longer…under…attack…from…anti-historical…modern…architectureThe….Carson….Mansion….conceived….of….by….Builder-Architects,….Samuel….and….Joseph….Cather….Newsom….and….built….by….an….army….of….over….100….craftsman….from….the….massive….lumber….operations….of….its….owner,….is….prominently….situated….at….the….head….of….Old….Town….Eureka,….California….on….Humboldt….BaySoon..many..architects..were..actively..involved..in..the..drive..to..establish..a..building..model..suitable..for..the..evolution..of..the..tall..commercial..buildingThis….ideal….of….the….monumental….city….and….neoclassicismAIA..College..of..Fellows:..2005..Latrobe..FellowshipThe…living…room,…arranged…around…the…fireplace,…is…the…central…point…of…the…houseThere..are..currently..over..83,000..members..of..the..American..Institute..of..Architects..(AIA)Frank…Lloyd…Wright…(1867-1959)…With…the…emergence…of…Frank…Lloyd…Wright,…Chicago…maintained…its…reputation…as…the…creative…centre…of…American…architectureCfENCYCLOPEDIA…OF…ART…and…DESIGN……visual-arts-cork.com 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